diff --git a/contrib/amcheck/verify_nbtree.c b/contrib/amcheck/verify_nbtree.c
index 28ea2f211b..9aea067557 100644
--- a/contrib/amcheck/verify_nbtree.c
+++ b/contrib/amcheck/verify_nbtree.c
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ bt_check_level_from_leftmost(BtreeCheckState *state, BtreeLevel level)
 				/* Internal page -- downlink gets leftmost on next level */
 				itemid = PageGetItemId(state->target, P_FIRSTDATAKEY(opaque));
 				itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(state->target, itemid);
-				nextleveldown.leftmost = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid));
+				nextleveldown.leftmost = ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid));
 				nextleveldown.level = opaque->btpo.level - 1;
 			}
 			else
@@ -722,6 +722,39 @@ bt_target_page_check(BtreeCheckState *state)
 	elog(DEBUG2, "verifying %u items on %s block %u", max,
 		 P_ISLEAF(topaque) ? "leaf" : "internal", state->targetblock);
 
+
+	/* Check the number of attributes in high key if any */
+	if (!P_RIGHTMOST(topaque))
+	{
+		if (!_bt_check_natts(state->rel, state->target, P_HIKEY))
+		{
+			ItemId		itemid;
+			IndexTuple	itup;
+			char	   *itid,
+					   *htid;
+
+			itemid = PageGetItemId(state->target, P_HIKEY);
+			itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(state->target, itemid);
+			itid = psprintf("(%u,%u)", state->targetblock, P_HIKEY);
+			htid = psprintf("(%u,%u)",
+							ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)),
+							ItemPointerGetOffsetNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INDEX_CORRUPTED),
+					 errmsg("wrong number of index tuple attributes for index \"%s\"",
+							RelationGetRelationName(state->rel)),
+					 errdetail_internal("Index tid=%s natts=%u points to %s tid=%s page lsn=%X/%X.",
+										itid,
+										BTreeTupGetNAtts(itup, state->rel),
+										P_ISLEAF(topaque) ? "heap" : "index",
+										htid,
+										(uint32) (state->targetlsn >> 32),
+										(uint32) state->targetlsn)));
+		}
+	}
+
+
 	/*
 	 * Loop over page items, starting from first non-highkey item, not high
 	 * key (if any).  Also, immediately skip "negative infinity" real item (if
@@ -760,6 +793,30 @@ bt_target_page_check(BtreeCheckState *state)
 										(uint32) state->targetlsn),
 					 errhint("This could be a torn page problem")));
 
+		/* Check the number of index tuple attributes */
+		if (!_bt_check_natts(state->rel, state->target, offset))
+		{
+			char	   *itid,
+					   *htid;
+
+			itid = psprintf("(%u,%u)", state->targetblock, offset);
+			htid = psprintf("(%u,%u)",
+							ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)),
+							ItemPointerGetOffsetNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_INDEX_CORRUPTED),
+					 errmsg("wrong number of index tuple attributes for index \"%s\"",
+							RelationGetRelationName(state->rel)),
+					 errdetail_internal("Index tid=%s natts=%u points to %s tid=%s page lsn=%X/%X.",
+										itid,
+										BTreeTupGetNAtts(itup, state->rel),
+										P_ISLEAF(topaque) ? "heap" : "index",
+										htid,
+										(uint32) (state->targetlsn >> 32),
+										(uint32) state->targetlsn)));
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * Don't try to generate scankey using "negative infinity" garbage
 		 * data on internal pages
@@ -802,8 +859,8 @@ bt_target_page_check(BtreeCheckState *state)
 
 			itid = psprintf("(%u,%u)", state->targetblock, offset);
 			htid = psprintf("(%u,%u)",
-							ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid)),
-							ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&(itup->t_tid)));
+							ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)),
+							ItemPointerGetOffsetNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)));
 
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_INDEX_CORRUPTED),
@@ -834,8 +891,8 @@ bt_target_page_check(BtreeCheckState *state)
 
 			itid = psprintf("(%u,%u)", state->targetblock, offset);
 			htid = psprintf("(%u,%u)",
-							ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid)),
-							ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&(itup->t_tid)));
+							ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)),
+							ItemPointerGetOffsetNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)));
 			nitid = psprintf("(%u,%u)", state->targetblock,
 							 OffsetNumberNext(offset));
 
@@ -843,8 +900,8 @@ bt_target_page_check(BtreeCheckState *state)
 			itemid = PageGetItemId(state->target, OffsetNumberNext(offset));
 			itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(state->target, itemid);
 			nhtid = psprintf("(%u,%u)",
-							 ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid)),
-							 ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&(itup->t_tid)));
+							 ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)),
+							 ItemPointerGetOffsetNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)));
 
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_INDEX_CORRUPTED),
@@ -932,7 +989,7 @@ bt_target_page_check(BtreeCheckState *state)
 		 */
 		if (!P_ISLEAF(topaque) && state->readonly)
 		{
-			BlockNumber childblock = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid));
+			BlockNumber childblock = ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid));
 
 			bt_downlink_check(state, childblock, skey);
 		}
@@ -1326,6 +1383,10 @@ bt_tuple_present_callback(Relation index, HeapTuple htup, Datum *values,
 	 * or otherwise varied when or how compression was applied, our assumption
 	 * would break, leading to false positive reports of corruption.  For now,
 	 * we don't decompress/normalize toasted values as part of fingerprinting.
+	 *
+	 * In future, non-pivot index tuples might get use of BT_N_KEYS_OFFSET_MASK.
+	 * Then binary representation of index tuple linked to particular heap
+	 * tuple might vary and meeds to be normalized before bloom filter lookup.
 	 */
 	itup = index_form_tuple(RelationGetDescr(index), values, isnull);
 	itup->t_tid = htup->t_self;
@@ -1336,8 +1397,8 @@ bt_tuple_present_callback(Relation index, HeapTuple htup, Datum *values,
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_CORRUPTED),
 				 errmsg("heap tuple (%u,%u) from table \"%s\" lacks matching index tuple within index \"%s\"",
-						ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid)),
-						ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&(itup->t_tid)),
+						ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)),
+						ItemPointerGetOffsetNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)),
 						RelationGetRelationName(state->heaprel),
 						RelationGetRelationName(state->rel)),
 				 !state->readonly
@@ -1368,6 +1429,10 @@ offset_is_negative_infinity(BTPageOpaque opaque, OffsetNumber offset)
 	 * infinity item is either first or second line item, or there is none
 	 * within page.
 	 *
+	 * "Negative infinity" tuple is a special corner case of pivot tuples,
+	 * it has zero attributes while rest of pivot tuples have nkeyatts number
+	 * of attributes.
+	 *
 	 * Right-most pages don't have a high key, but could be said to
 	 * conceptually have a "positive infinity" high key.  Thus, there is a
 	 * symmetry between down link items in parent pages, and high keys in
diff --git a/src/backend/access/common/indextuple.c b/src/backend/access/common/indextuple.c
index a58bd95620..ea6ad941ed 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/common/indextuple.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/common/indextuple.c
@@ -448,8 +448,8 @@ CopyIndexTuple(IndexTuple source)
 }
 
 /*
- * Reform index tuple.  Truncate nonkey (INCLUDE) attributes.
- * Pass the number of attributes the truncated tuple must contain.
+ * Truncate tailing attributes from given index tuple leaving it with
+ * new_indnatts number of attributes.
  */
 IndexTuple
 index_truncate_tuple(Relation idxrel, IndexTuple olditup, int new_indnatts)
diff --git a/src/backend/access/nbtree/README b/src/backend/access/nbtree/README
index 34f78b2f50..aef455c122 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/nbtree/README
+++ b/src/backend/access/nbtree/README
@@ -590,6 +590,23 @@ original search scankey is consulted as each index entry is sequentially
 scanned to decide whether to return the entry and whether the scan can
 stop (see _bt_checkkeys()).
 
+We use term "pivot" index tuples to distinguish tuples which don't point
+to heap tuples, but rather used for tree navigation.  Pivot tuples includes
+all tuples on non-leaf pages and high keys on leaf pages.  Note that pivot
+index tuples are only used to represent which part of the key space belongs
+on each page, and can have attribute values copied from non-pivot tuples
+that were deleted and killed by VACUUM some time ago.  In principle, we could
+truncate away attributes that are not needed for a page high key during a leaf
+page split, provided that the remaining attributes distinguish the last index
+tuple on the post-split left page as belonging on the left page, and the first
+index tuple on the post-split right page as belonging on the right page.  This
+optimization is sometimes called suffix truncation, and may appear in a future
+release. Since the high key is subsequently reused as the downlink in the
+parent page for the new right page, suffix truncation can increase index
+fan-out considerably by keeping pivot tuples short.  INCLUDE indexes similarly
+truncate away non-key attributes at the time of a leaf page split,
+increasing fan-out.
+
 Notes About Data Representation
 -------------------------------
 
diff --git a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtinsert.c b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtinsert.c
index 0fb751c259..e6e081eaa7 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtinsert.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtinsert.c
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ static void _bt_checksplitloc(FindSplitData *state,
 				  int dataitemstoleft, Size firstoldonrightsz);
 static bool _bt_pgaddtup(Page page, Size itemsize, IndexTuple itup,
 			 OffsetNumber itup_off);
-static bool _bt_isequal(TupleDesc itupdesc, Page page, OffsetNumber offnum,
+static bool _bt_isequal(Relation idxrel, Page page, OffsetNumber offnum,
 			int keysz, ScanKey scankey);
 static void _bt_vacuum_one_page(Relation rel, Buffer buffer, Relation heapRel);
 
@@ -291,6 +291,8 @@ top:
 		 * actual location of the insert is hard to predict because of the
 		 * random search used to prevent O(N^2) performance when there are
 		 * many duplicate entries, we can just use the "first valid" page.
+		 * This reasoning also applies to INCLUDE indexes, whose extra
+		 * attributes are not considered part of the key space.
 		 */
 		CheckForSerializableConflictIn(rel, NULL, buf);
 		/* do the insertion */
@@ -337,7 +339,6 @@ _bt_check_unique(Relation rel, IndexTuple itup, Relation heapRel,
 				 IndexUniqueCheck checkUnique, bool *is_unique,
 				 uint32 *speculativeToken)
 {
-	TupleDesc	itupdesc = RelationGetDescr(rel);
 	int			indnkeyatts = IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(rel);
 	SnapshotData SnapshotDirty;
 	OffsetNumber maxoff;
@@ -397,7 +398,7 @@ _bt_check_unique(Relation rel, IndexTuple itup, Relation heapRel,
 				 * in real comparison, but only for ordering/finding items on
 				 * pages. - vadim 03/24/97
 				 */
-				if (!_bt_isequal(itupdesc, page, offset, indnkeyatts, itup_scankey))
+				if (!_bt_isequal(rel, page, offset, indnkeyatts, itup_scankey))
 					break;		/* we're past all the equal tuples */
 
 				/* okay, we gotta fetch the heap tuple ... */
@@ -561,7 +562,7 @@ _bt_check_unique(Relation rel, IndexTuple itup, Relation heapRel,
 			/* If scankey == hikey we gotta check the next page too */
 			if (P_RIGHTMOST(opaque))
 				break;
-			if (!_bt_isequal(itupdesc, page, P_HIKEY,
+			if (!_bt_isequal(rel, page, P_HIKEY,
 							 indnkeyatts, itup_scankey))
 				break;
 			/* Advance to next non-dead page --- there must be one */
@@ -1202,7 +1203,7 @@ _bt_split(Relation rel, Buffer buf, Buffer cbuf, OffsetNumber firstright,
 	 */
 	if (indnatts != indnkeyatts && P_ISLEAF(lopaque))
 	{
-		lefthikey = index_truncate_tuple(rel, item, indnkeyatts);
+		lefthikey = _bt_truncate_tuple(rel, item);
 		itemsz = IndexTupleSize(lefthikey);
 		itemsz = MAXALIGN(itemsz);
 	}
@@ -1824,7 +1825,7 @@ _bt_insert_parent(Relation rel,
 
 		/* form an index tuple that points at the new right page */
 		new_item = CopyIndexTuple(ritem);
-		ItemPointerSet(&(new_item->t_tid), rbknum, P_HIKEY);
+		ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&(new_item->t_tid), rbknum);
 
 		/*
 		 * Find the parent buffer and get the parent page.
@@ -2093,7 +2094,8 @@ _bt_newroot(Relation rel, Buffer lbuf, Buffer rbuf)
 	left_item_sz = sizeof(IndexTupleData);
 	left_item = (IndexTuple) palloc(left_item_sz);
 	left_item->t_info = left_item_sz;
-	ItemPointerSet(&(left_item->t_tid), lbkno, P_HIKEY);
+	ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&(left_item->t_tid), lbkno);
+	BTreeTupSetNAtts(left_item, 0);
 
 	/*
 	 * Create downlink item for right page.  The key for it is obtained from
@@ -2103,7 +2105,7 @@ _bt_newroot(Relation rel, Buffer lbuf, Buffer rbuf)
 	right_item_sz = ItemIdGetLength(itemid);
 	item = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(lpage, itemid);
 	right_item = CopyIndexTuple(item);
-	ItemPointerSet(&(right_item->t_tid), rbkno, P_HIKEY);
+	ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&(right_item->t_tid), rbkno);
 
 	/* NO EREPORT(ERROR) from here till newroot op is logged */
 	START_CRIT_SECTION();
@@ -2234,6 +2236,7 @@ _bt_pgaddtup(Page page,
 	{
 		trunctuple = *itup;
 		trunctuple.t_info = sizeof(IndexTupleData);
+		BTreeTupSetNAtts(&trunctuple, 0);
 		itup = &trunctuple;
 		itemsize = sizeof(IndexTupleData);
 	}
@@ -2252,9 +2255,10 @@ _bt_pgaddtup(Page page,
  * Rule is simple: NOT_NULL not equal NULL, NULL not equal NULL too.
  */
 static bool
-_bt_isequal(TupleDesc itupdesc, Page page, OffsetNumber offnum,
+_bt_isequal(Relation idxrel, Page page, OffsetNumber offnum,
 			int keysz, ScanKey scankey)
 {
+	TupleDesc	itupdesc = RelationGetDescr(idxrel);
 	IndexTuple	itup;
 	int			i;
 
@@ -2263,6 +2267,13 @@ _bt_isequal(TupleDesc itupdesc, Page page, OffsetNumber offnum,
 
 	itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offnum));
 
+	/*
+	 * Index tuple shouldn't be truncated.  Despite we technically could
+	 * compare truncated tuple as well, this function should be only called
+	 * for regular non-truncated leaf tuples.
+	 */
+	Assert(BTreeTupGetNAtts(itup, idxrel) == itupdesc->natts);
+
 	for (i = 1; i <= keysz; i++)
 	{
 		AttrNumber	attno;
diff --git a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtpage.c b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtpage.c
index a5a67efdd0..55facdf7ea 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtpage.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtpage.c
@@ -1108,7 +1108,7 @@ _bt_lock_branch_parent(Relation rel, BlockNumber child, BTStack stack,
 	 * Locate the downlink of "child" in the parent (updating the stack entry
 	 * if needed)
 	 */
-	ItemPointerSet(&(stack->bts_btentry.t_tid), child, P_HIKEY);
+	ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&(stack->bts_btentry.t_tid), child);
 	pbuf = _bt_getstackbuf(rel, stack, BT_WRITE);
 	if (pbuf == InvalidBuffer)
 		elog(ERROR, "failed to re-find parent key in index \"%s\" for deletion target page %u",
@@ -1517,15 +1517,15 @@ _bt_mark_page_halfdead(Relation rel, Buffer leafbuf, BTStack stack)
 #ifdef USE_ASSERT_CHECKING
 	itemid = PageGetItemId(page, topoff);
 	itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
-	Assert(ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid)) == target);
+	Assert(ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)) == target);
 #endif
 
 	nextoffset = OffsetNumberNext(topoff);
 	itemid = PageGetItemId(page, nextoffset);
 	itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
-	if (ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid)) != rightsib)
+	if (ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)) != rightsib)
 		elog(ERROR, "right sibling %u of block %u is not next child %u of block %u in index \"%s\"",
-			 rightsib, target, ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid)),
+			 rightsib, target, ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid)),
 			 BufferGetBlockNumber(topparent), RelationGetRelationName(rel));
 
 	/*
@@ -1548,7 +1548,7 @@ _bt_mark_page_halfdead(Relation rel, Buffer leafbuf, BTStack stack)
 
 	itemid = PageGetItemId(page, topoff);
 	itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
-	ItemPointerSet(&(itup->t_tid), rightsib, P_HIKEY);
+	ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid), rightsib);
 
 	nextoffset = OffsetNumberNext(topoff);
 	PageIndexTupleDelete(page, nextoffset);
@@ -1567,7 +1567,7 @@ _bt_mark_page_halfdead(Relation rel, Buffer leafbuf, BTStack stack)
 	MemSet(&trunctuple, 0, sizeof(IndexTupleData));
 	trunctuple.t_info = sizeof(IndexTupleData);
 	if (target != leafblkno)
-		ItemPointerSet(&trunctuple.t_tid, target, P_HIKEY);
+		ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&trunctuple.t_tid, target);
 	else
 		ItemPointerSetInvalid(&trunctuple.t_tid);
 	if (PageAddItem(page, (Item) &trunctuple, sizeof(IndexTupleData), P_HIKEY,
@@ -1679,7 +1679,7 @@ _bt_unlink_halfdead_page(Relation rel, Buffer leafbuf, bool *rightsib_empty)
 	 */
 	if (ItemPointerIsValid(leafhikey))
 	{
-		target = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(leafhikey);
+		target = ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(leafhikey);
 		Assert(target != leafblkno);
 
 		/* fetch the block number of the topmost parent's left sibling */
@@ -1795,7 +1795,7 @@ _bt_unlink_halfdead_page(Relation rel, Buffer leafbuf, bool *rightsib_empty)
 
 		/* remember the next non-leaf child down in the branch. */
 		itemid = PageGetItemId(page, P_FIRSTDATAKEY(opaque));
-		nextchild = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&((IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid))->t_tid);
+		nextchild = ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&((IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid))->t_tid);
 		if (nextchild == leafblkno)
 			nextchild = InvalidBlockNumber;
 	}
@@ -1886,7 +1886,7 @@ _bt_unlink_halfdead_page(Relation rel, Buffer leafbuf, bool *rightsib_empty)
 		if (nextchild == InvalidBlockNumber)
 			ItemPointerSetInvalid(leafhikey);
 		else
-			ItemPointerSet(leafhikey, nextchild, P_HIKEY);
+			ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(leafhikey, nextchild);
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtsearch.c b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtsearch.c
index 51dca64e13..44605fb5a4 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtsearch.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtsearch.c
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ _bt_search(Relation rel, int keysz, ScanKey scankey, bool nextkey,
 		offnum = _bt_binsrch(rel, *bufP, keysz, scankey, nextkey);
 		itemid = PageGetItemId(page, offnum);
 		itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
-		blkno = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid));
+		blkno = ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid));
 		par_blkno = BufferGetBlockNumber(*bufP);
 
 		/*
@@ -436,6 +436,15 @@ _bt_compare(Relation rel,
 	IndexTuple	itup;
 	int			i;
 
+	/*
+	 * Check tuple has correct number of attributes.
+	 */
+	if (unlikely(!_bt_check_natts(rel, page, offnum)))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("tuple has wrong number of attributes in index \"%s\"",
+						RelationGetRelationName(rel))));
+
 	/*
 	 * Force result ">" if target item is first data item on an internal page
 	 * --- see NOTE above.
@@ -1833,7 +1842,7 @@ _bt_get_endpoint(Relation rel, uint32 level, bool rightmost,
 			offnum = P_FIRSTDATAKEY(opaque);
 
 		itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, PageGetItemId(page, offnum));
-		blkno = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid));
+		blkno = ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid));
 
 		buf = _bt_relandgetbuf(rel, buf, blkno, BT_READ);
 		page = BufferGetPage(buf);
@@ -1959,3 +1968,47 @@ _bt_initialize_more_data(BTScanOpaque so, ScanDirection dir)
 	so->numKilled = 0;			/* just paranoia */
 	so->markItemIndex = -1;		/* ditto */
 }
+
+/*
+ * Check if index tuple have appropriate number of attributes.
+ */
+bool
+_bt_check_natts(Relation index, Page page, OffsetNumber offnum)
+{
+	int16		natts = IndexRelationGetNumberOfAttributes(index);
+	int16		nkeyatts = IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(index);
+	ItemId		itemid;
+	IndexTuple	itup;
+	BTPageOpaque opaque = (BTPageOpaque) PageGetSpecialPointer(page);
+
+	/*
+	 * Assert that mask allocated for number of keys in index tuple can fit
+	 * maximum number of index keys.
+	 */
+	StaticAssertStmt(BT_N_KEYS_OFFSET_MASK >= INDEX_MAX_KEYS,
+					 "BT_N_KEYS_OFFSET_MASK can't fit INDEX_MAX_KEYS");
+
+	itemid = PageGetItemId(page, offnum);
+	itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
+
+	if (P_ISLEAF(opaque) && offnum >= P_FIRSTDATAKEY(opaque))
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Regular leaf tuples have as every index attributes
+		 */
+		return (BTreeTupGetNAtts(itup, index) == natts);
+	}
+	else if (!P_ISLEAF(opaque) && offnum == P_FIRSTDATAKEY(opaque))
+	{
+		/* Leftmost tuples on non-leaf pages have no attributes */
+		return (BTreeTupGetNAtts(itup, index) == 0);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Pivot tuples stored in non-leaf pages and hikeys of leaf pages
+		 * contain only key attributes
+		 */
+		return (BTreeTupGetNAtts(itup, index) == nkeyatts);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtsort.c b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtsort.c
index 96045cb1ea..f34b2ed893 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtsort.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtsort.c
@@ -752,6 +752,7 @@ _bt_sortaddtup(Page page,
 	{
 		trunctuple = *itup;
 		trunctuple.t_info = sizeof(IndexTupleData);
+		BTreeTupSetNAtts(&trunctuple, 0);
 		itup = &trunctuple;
 		itemsize = sizeof(IndexTupleData);
 	}
@@ -907,7 +908,7 @@ _bt_buildadd(BTWriteState *wstate, BTPageState *state, IndexTuple itup)
 			 * it will be that in the future. Now the purpose is just to save
 			 * more space on inner pages of btree.
 			 */
-			keytup = index_truncate_tuple(wstate->index, oitup, indnkeyatts);
+			keytup = _bt_truncate_tuple(wstate->index, oitup);
 
 			/*  delete "wrong" high key, insert keytup as P_HIKEY. */
 			PageIndexTupleDelete(opage, P_HIKEY);
@@ -924,7 +925,7 @@ _bt_buildadd(BTWriteState *wstate, BTPageState *state, IndexTuple itup)
 			state->btps_next = _bt_pagestate(wstate, state->btps_level + 1);
 
 		Assert(state->btps_minkey != NULL);
-		ItemPointerSet(&(state->btps_minkey->t_tid), oblkno, P_HIKEY);
+		ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&(state->btps_minkey->t_tid), oblkno);
 		_bt_buildadd(wstate, state->btps_next, state->btps_minkey);
 		pfree(state->btps_minkey);
 
@@ -978,8 +979,7 @@ _bt_buildadd(BTWriteState *wstate, BTPageState *state, IndexTuple itup)
 		 * into the parent page as a downlink
 		 */
 		if (indnkeyatts != indnatts && P_ISLEAF(pageop))
-			state->btps_minkey = index_truncate_tuple(wstate->index,
-													  itup, indnkeyatts);
+			state->btps_minkey = _bt_truncate_tuple(wstate->index, itup);
 		else
 			state->btps_minkey = CopyIndexTuple(itup);
 	}
@@ -1034,7 +1034,7 @@ _bt_uppershutdown(BTWriteState *wstate, BTPageState *state)
 		else
 		{
 			Assert(s->btps_minkey != NULL);
-			ItemPointerSet(&(s->btps_minkey->t_tid), blkno, P_HIKEY);
+			ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&(s->btps_minkey->t_tid), blkno);
 			_bt_buildadd(wstate, s->btps_next, s->btps_minkey);
 			pfree(s->btps_minkey);
 			s->btps_minkey = NULL;
diff --git a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtutils.c b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtutils.c
index 2fc5924bf0..b2d08d567f 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtutils.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtutils.c
@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ _bt_mkscankey(Relation rel, IndexTuple itup)
 
 	Assert(indnkeyatts != 0);
 	Assert(indnkeyatts <= indnatts);
+	Assert(BTreeTupGetNAtts(itup, rel) == indnatts ||
+		   BTreeTupGetNAtts(itup, rel) == indnkeyatts);
 
 	/*
 	 * We'll execute search using ScanKey constructed on key columns.
@@ -2078,3 +2080,29 @@ btproperty(Oid index_oid, int attno,
 			return false;		/* punt to generic code */
 	}
 }
+
+/*
+ *	_bt_truncate_tuple() -- remove non-key (INCLUDE) attributes from index
+ *							tuple.
+ *
+ *	Transforms an ordinal B-tree leaf index tuple into pivot tuple to be used
+ *	as hikey or non-leaf page tuple with downlink.  Note that t_tid offset
+ *	will be overritten in order to represent number of present tuple attributes.
+ */
+IndexTuple
+_bt_truncate_tuple(Relation idxrel, IndexTuple olditup)
+{
+	IndexTuple		newitup;
+	int				nkeyattrs = IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(idxrel);
+
+	/*
+	 * We're assuming to truncate only regular leaf index tuples which have
+	 * both key and non-key attributes.
+	 */
+	Assert(BTreeTupGetNAtts(olditup, idxrel) == IndexRelationGetNumberOfAttributes(idxrel));
+
+	newitup = index_truncate_tuple(idxrel, olditup, nkeyattrs);
+	BTreeTupSetNAtts(newitup, nkeyattrs);
+
+	return newitup;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtxlog.c b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtxlog.c
index da231ad9ac..07cb30eb8f 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtxlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtxlog.c
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ btree_xlog_delete_get_latestRemovedXid(XLogReaderState *record)
 		 * heap_fetch, since it uses ReadBuffer rather than XLogReadBuffer.
 		 * Note that we are not looking at tuple data here, just headers.
 		 */
-		hoffnum = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&(itup->t_tid));
+		hoffnum = ItemPointerGetOffsetNumberNoCheck(&(itup->t_tid));
 		hitemid = PageGetItemId(hpage, hoffnum);
 
 		/*
@@ -750,11 +750,11 @@ btree_xlog_mark_page_halfdead(uint8 info, XLogReaderState *record)
 		nextoffset = OffsetNumberNext(poffset);
 		itemid = PageGetItemId(page, nextoffset);
 		itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
-		rightsib = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&itup->t_tid);
+		rightsib = ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&itup->t_tid);
 
 		itemid = PageGetItemId(page, poffset);
 		itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, itemid);
-		ItemPointerSet(&(itup->t_tid), rightsib, P_HIKEY);
+		ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid), rightsib);
 		nextoffset = OffsetNumberNext(poffset);
 		PageIndexTupleDelete(page, nextoffset);
 
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ btree_xlog_mark_page_halfdead(uint8 info, XLogReaderState *record)
 	MemSet(&trunctuple, 0, sizeof(IndexTupleData));
 	trunctuple.t_info = sizeof(IndexTupleData);
 	if (xlrec->topparent != InvalidBlockNumber)
-		ItemPointerSet(&trunctuple.t_tid, xlrec->topparent, P_HIKEY);
+		ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&trunctuple.t_tid, xlrec->topparent);
 	else
 		ItemPointerSetInvalid(&trunctuple.t_tid);
 	if (PageAddItem(page, (Item) &trunctuple, sizeof(IndexTupleData), P_HIKEY,
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ btree_xlog_unlink_page(uint8 info, XLogReaderState *record)
 		MemSet(&trunctuple, 0, sizeof(IndexTupleData));
 		trunctuple.t_info = sizeof(IndexTupleData);
 		if (xlrec->topparent != InvalidBlockNumber)
-			ItemPointerSet(&trunctuple.t_tid, xlrec->topparent, P_HIKEY);
+			ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&trunctuple.t_tid, xlrec->topparent);
 		else
 			ItemPointerSetInvalid(&trunctuple.t_tid);
 		if (PageAddItem(page, (Item) &trunctuple, sizeof(IndexTupleData), P_HIKEY,
diff --git a/src/include/access/hash.h b/src/include/access/hash.h
index f94bcf9e29..d6c306e969 100644
--- a/src/include/access/hash.h
+++ b/src/include/access/hash.h
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ typedef HashMetaPageData *HashMetaPage;
 				  sizeof(ItemIdData) - \
 				  MAXALIGN(sizeof(HashPageOpaqueData)))
 
-#define INDEX_MOVED_BY_SPLIT_MASK	0x2000
+#define INDEX_MOVED_BY_SPLIT_MASK	INDEX_AM_RESERVED_BIT
 
 #define HASH_MIN_FILLFACTOR			10
 #define HASH_DEFAULT_FILLFACTOR		75
diff --git a/src/include/access/itup.h b/src/include/access/itup.h
index fe8f4a98e1..9b1b4d33e4 100644
--- a/src/include/access/itup.h
+++ b/src/include/access/itup.h
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ typedef IndexAttributeBitMapData * IndexAttributeBitMap;
  * t_info manipulation macros
  */
 #define INDEX_SIZE_MASK 0x1FFF
-/* bit 0x2000 is reserved for index-AM specific usage */
+#define INDEX_AM_RESERVED_BIT 0x2000 /* reserved for index-AM specific usage */
 #define INDEX_VAR_MASK	0x4000
 #define INDEX_NULL_MASK 0x8000
 
diff --git a/src/include/access/nbtree.h b/src/include/access/nbtree.h
index f532f3ffff..0bbc3c7d62 100644
--- a/src/include/access/nbtree.h
+++ b/src/include/access/nbtree.h
@@ -157,11 +157,8 @@ typedef struct BTMetaPageData
  *	as unique identifier for a given index tuple (logical position
  *	within a level). - vadim 04/09/97
  */
-#define BTTidSame(i1, i2)	\
-	((ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(i1)) == ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(i2))) && \
-	 (ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&(i1)) == ItemPointerGetOffsetNumber(&(i2))))
 #define BTEntrySame(i1, i2) \
-	BTTidSame((i1)->t_tid, (i2)->t_tid)
+	((ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(i1)->t_tid) == ItemPointerGetBlockNumberNoCheck(&(i2)->t_tid)))
 
 
 /*
@@ -212,6 +209,61 @@ typedef struct BTMetaPageData
 #define P_FIRSTDATAKEY(opaque)	(P_RIGHTMOST(opaque) ? P_HIKEY : P_FIRSTKEY)
 
 
+/*
+ * B-tree index with INCLUDE clause has non-key (included) attributes, which
+ * are used solely in index-only scans.  Those non-key attributes are present
+ * in leaf index tuples which point to corresponding heap tuples.  However,
+ * tree also contains "pivot" tuples.  Pivot tuples are used for navigation
+ * during tree traversal.  Pivot tuples include tuples on non-leaf pages and
+ * high key tuples.  Such, tuples don't need to included attributes, because
+ * they have no use during tree traversal.  This is why we truncate them in
+ * order to save some space.  Therefore, B-tree index with INCLUDE clause 
+ * contain tuples with variable number of attributes.
+ * 
+ * In order to keep on-disk compatibility with upcoming suffix truncation of
+ * pivot tuples, we store number of attributes present inside tuple itself.
+ * Thankfully, offset number is always unused in pivot tuple.  So, we use free
+ * bit of index tuple flags as sign that offset have alternative meaning: it
+ * stores number of keys present in index tuple (12 bit is far enough for that).
+ * And we have 4 bits reserved for future usage.
+ *
+ * Right now INDEX_ALT_TID_MASK is set only on truncation of non-key
+ * attributes of included indexes.  But potentially every pivot index tuple
+ * might have INDEX_ALT_TID_MASK set.  Then this tuple should have number of
+ * attributes correctly set in BT_N_KEYS_OFFSET_MASK, and in future it might
+ * use some bits of BT_RESERVED_OFFSET_MASK.
+ *
+ * Non-pivot tuples might also use bit of BT_RESERVED_OFFSET_MASK.  Despite
+ * they store heap tuple offset, higher bits of offset are always free.
+ */
+#define INDEX_ALT_TID_MASK		INDEX_AM_RESERVED_BIT /* flag indicating t_tid
+										  offset has an alternative meaning */
+#define BT_RESERVED_OFFSET_MASK	0xF000 /* mask of bits in t_tid offset
+										  reserved for future usage */
+#define BT_N_KEYS_OFFSET_MASK	0x0FFF /* mask of bits in t_tid offset
+										  holding number of attributes
+										  actually present in index tuple */
+
+/* Set number of attributes to B-tree index tuple overriding t_tid offset */
+#define BTreeTupSetNAtts(itup, n) \
+	do { \
+		(itup)->t_info |= INDEX_ALT_TID_MASK; \
+		ItemPointerSetOffsetNumber(&(itup)->t_tid, n); \
+	} while(0)
+
+/* Get number of attributes in B-tree index tuple */
+#define BTreeTupGetNAtts(itup, index)	\
+	( \
+		(itup)->t_info & INDEX_ALT_TID_MASK ? \
+		( \
+			AssertMacro((ItemPointerGetOffsetNumberNoCheck(&(itup)->t_tid) & BT_RESERVED_OFFSET_MASK) == 0), \
+			ItemPointerGetOffsetNumberNoCheck(&(itup)->t_tid) & BT_N_KEYS_OFFSET_MASK \
+		) \
+		: \
+		IndexRelationGetNumberOfAttributes(index) \
+	)
+
+
 /*
  *	Operator strategy numbers for B-tree have been moved to access/stratnum.h,
  *	because many places need to use them in ScanKeyInit() calls.
@@ -524,6 +576,7 @@ extern bool _bt_first(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
 extern bool _bt_next(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
 extern Buffer _bt_get_endpoint(Relation rel, uint32 level, bool rightmost,
 				 Snapshot snapshot);
+extern bool _bt_check_natts(Relation index, Page page, OffsetNumber offnum);
 
 /*
  * prototypes for functions in nbtutils.c
@@ -552,6 +605,7 @@ extern bytea *btoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate);
 extern bool btproperty(Oid index_oid, int attno,
 		   IndexAMProperty prop, const char *propname,
 		   bool *res, bool *isnull);
+extern IndexTuple _bt_truncate_tuple(Relation idxrel, IndexTuple olditup);
 
 /*
  * prototypes for functions in nbtvalidate.c